Index
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Page numbers with illustrations are in
A
Abbey, Edward, 30, 102, 405, 465–66, 472, 522–23, 535, 547, 671
ACE. See Army Corps of Engineers
Across the Wide Missouri (DeVoto), 95
Adams, Ansel: Ansel Adams Wilderness, 397; “The Artist and the Ideals of Wilderness,” 204–5; “Aspens, Northern New Mexico, 1958,” 178; Drakes Beach, 448; David Brower, 97, 581; Jimmy Carter, 669; Colorado River dams, 449; Gerald Ford, 669; interior building, 191; Lady Bird Johnson, 449; JFK, 269–70; LBJ, 354, 419, 533; legacy of, 669; Minarets, 397–98, 669; A More Beautiful 419; My Camera in Yosemite 269; Ralph Nader, 425; National Wild and Scenic Rivers System, 533; Natural Beauty speech, 419; Point Reyes Peninsula, 273; prophecy of, 551; Redwood National Park, 403; Sierra Club, 97, 208, 270; This Is the American 178–79; Stewart Udall, 272, 355, 599; wilderness, fight for, 551; Wilderness Conference, 204–5; Yosemite, 96–97, 269–70, 272
Affluent Society, The (Galbraith), 160–61
African Wildlife Leadership Foundation, 556
Agent Orange, 520, 565, 623
Agnew, Spiro, Earth Day, 602
Air Around Us, The (Carson), 124
air pollution, 35–41, 117
Air Pollution Control Act, 89, 293, 359, 370
Air Pollution Control District, 87
Alamosa National Wildlife Refuge, 249
Alaska National Lands Conservation Act of 1980, 204
Albright, Horace, 214, 273, 507
aldrin, 53, 256, 352
Aldrin, Edwin “Buzz,” 579
Aleutian Islands National Wildlife Refuge, 468–69
algae, 24, 82, 134, 139, 166, 572, 576, 577
Alibates Flint Quarries National Monument, 280
Allagash, 74, 103, 181, 200, 440–41, 553
Allerton Park, 499, 540
Amdur, Mary O., 36–37, 36
American Conservation Association, 419
American Cyanamid Company, 150, 257, 263, 352, 307
American Heritage Book of Indians, 228–29
American Indian Movement (AIM), 522
“American Land Ethic, An” (Momaday), 524–25
American Values (Kennedy), 6
America’s Natural Treasures (Udall), 672
“America’s Vanishing Wilderness” (Douglas), 406
Anders, Bill, 549–50, 594
Anderson, Clinton P., 129, 132, 210–11, 232, 238–39, 278, 386–87, 391, 393, 535
Animal Machines (Harrison), 302
Animal Welfare Institute, 148, 301
Ansel Adams Wilderness, 397–98
Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, 633
anti-freeway protest, 364
Antiquities Act, 216–17, 391, 545, 547–49, 559, 646
“Anti-Uglies,” 299
Ants, The (Wilson), 152
Apollo 8, 549–50, 594
Apostle Islands, 188, 291–92, 335–38, 607
Appalachian Trail, 235, 292, 536, 560
Appalachian Trail Club, 79, 536
Aransas National Wildlife Refuge, 470
Aravaipa Canyon, 465–66
Archie Carr National Wildlife Refuge, 468
Arctic Circle National Monument, 547
Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, 355, 549, 568
Arctic Wilderness (Marshall), 397
Armstrong, Neil, 579–80
Army Corps of Engineers (ACE): Buffalo River, 106, 246, 636; William Orville Douglas, 219, 499, 621; environment and, 483; Everglades, 34–35, 230; Manufacturing Chemists’ Association, 220; motto of, 106; Oahe Dam, 268; Padre Island, 276; Potomac, 219; Red River, 498; Sierra Club, 581; Water for Peace program, 456; Wild and Scenic Rivers Act, 530
arsenic, 91, 159, 470, 479
Arthur Kill blob, 578
“Artist and the Ideals of Wilderness, The” (Adams), 204–5
ASARCO, 36–37
asbestos, 364, 445, 510
“Aspens, Northern New Mexico, 1958” (Adams), 178
Aspinall, Wayne, 163–64, 211, 238, 267–69, 347–48, 387, 415–16, 505, 540, 548–49, 644
Assateague Island, 56, 237, 316–18, 428
Atchafalaya, 352
“Atom Accord,” 328
“Atomic Bomb Bounce” (Mossman), 342
Atomic Energy Commission. See AEC
atomic testing, 40, 54, 580, 672. See also SANE, Nevada Test Site
“Atoms for Peace” (Eisenhower), 68
“Atom Versus Nature at Bodega” (Gilliam), 297
At War with 479
Audubon, John James, 52, 473
Audubon Society, 77, 135–36, 236, 246, 259, 289, 347, 368, 490, 492, 514, 594, 639, 670
B
Babbitt, Bruce, 469, 535
baby teeth, 144, 300
bald eagles, 335, 371, 463, 469, 471, 473–74, 539, 621, 638, 641
Barn, Point Reyes, California (Adams), 273
Barry Commoner and the Science of Survival (Egan), 141
bass, 246, 286, 289–90
Bat House (Skull Bluff) near Woolum (Benton), 246
Battle Creek Post Office, 462
Battle for Yosemite, 100
“Battle in the Clouds, A” (Carson), 45
Bay, The (Klingel), 64
Bear River Wildlife Refuge, 56
Benstock, Marcy, 353, 577
Benton, Thomas Hart, 246–47, 636
Berry, Wendell, 29, 498–99, 625
Beston, Henry, 7–8, 73, 135, 367, 525, 590
Bethlehem Steel Company, 241, 243, 410–11
Beyond the Hundredth Meridian (Stegner), 184
Bible, Alan, 225, 383
Big Bend National Park, 276, 441–44
Big Cypress National Preserve, 512, 594–95, 661
Big Horn Canyon National Recreation Area, 461
Big Roads, The (Swift), 125
Big Rock Candy Mountain, The (Stegner), 101
Big Thicket, 442, 512
Big Water 420
Bikini Atoll, 23–25, 54, 84, 232
“biocides,” 257–58, 308
biodynamic agriculture, 149
“Birth of an Island, The” (Carson), 57
Biscayne National Monument, 545–47
bison, 654
“bi-yohs,” 480
Black Mesa, strip mining in, 455
“blister brigade,” 79, 81
BLM. See Bureau of Land Management (BLM)
Blue Lake, 114, 335, 522, 618–19, 663
Bob Marshall Wilderness, 392, 397
Bodega Head, 295–97
Boeing, SST, 497, 577
Bohlen, E. U. Curtis, 655, 659
Boise Cascades of International Falls, 473
Bombs in the Backyard (Titus), 40
Booker T. Washington National Monument, 476
Book of Naturalists (Beebe), 52
Boone and Crockett Club, 116, 175, 386
Boundary Waters Canoe Area, 81, 108, 392, 396–97
Bouvier, Jacqueline, 69, See also Kennedy, Jacqueline
Boyle, Robert H., 287–90, 421, 571
Briggs, Shirley, 56, 57, 77
Brookhaven National Laboratory, 371, 489, 491
Brooks, Paul, 219, 256, 395
Brower, David R., 96–103; 97; Canyonlands National Park, 410; Cape Cod National Seashore, 136; Rachel Carson, 344–46; Central Park Country: A Tune Within 520; Colorado River dams, 321, 449; Cumberland Island National Seashore, 650; dams, Nixon and, 621; Dinosaur National Monument, 98–102; William Orville Douglas, noise pollution, 497; Paul Ehrlich, 523; environmental preservation movement, 117–18; Escalante River, Friends of the Earth, 582; Glen Canyon Dam, 98, 320; Hetch Hetchy Valley, 100; Walter Hickel, 568; House committee, testifying before, 453–54; LBJ, 435, 540–41; Let the Mountains Talk, Let the Rivers Run: A Call to Those Who Would Save the 582; Life magazine, 451; Minarets, 397–98; noise pollution, 497; “oil shock,” 658; The Place No One Knew: Glen Canyon on the 341–42; Point Reyes National Seashore, 273–274; redwoods, 401; The 504; Save the Grand Canyon, 450–52; Sierra Club, dismissal as president of, 581; Silent 265; Special Message to the Congress on Conservation and Restoration of Natural Beauty, 416–17; Russell Train, 519–20; typefaces, 451; Stewart Udall, 355; Vietnam War, “technological colonialism,” 520; White House Conference on Conservation, 236; Yosemite Valley, 100; Zero Hour in the 504
Brown, Edmund, Yosemite 270, 272
Buffalo Creek flood, 634–36
Buffalo River, 106, 198, 246–47, 636–37
Buldir Island, 468–69
“Bulldozed America,” 430–31
Bulloch v. United 39
Bureau of Land Management (BLM), 29–30, 95, 108, 240, 470, 531, 620
Bureau of Outdoor Recreation, 224, 320, 418, 536
Bureau of Reclamation, 75, 98–99, 102, 106, 158, 174, 378, 449–54
Burnap, Robert, 286, 491
Bush, George H. W., 611, 664–65, 671
butterflies, 96, 175, 287–88, 346, 367
C
cactus, 113, 217, 442, 444
Cadillac Desert (Reisner), 230
Caldwell, Lynton Keith, 483–84, 556, 615
“Cancer Alley,” 229
Canoeing with the Cree (Sevareid), 308
Canyonlands, 197, 211, 225, 334, 354, 398, 408–10, 503, 547, 559
Cape Cod (Thoreau), 7, 30
Cape Cod National Seashore, 119, 121, 134, 167, 201–2, 213
Cape Hatteras, 119
Capitol Reef National Monument, 410, 547
carbon dioxide, 232, 417, 427, 583–84, 611
Carl Sandburg Home National Historic Site, 476
Carlsbad Cavern, 280, 459
Carpenter, Liz, 381, 444, 532, 602
Carr, Archie, 133, 466–68, 650
Carson, Rachel, Acadia National Park, 63; The Air Around 124; American Academy of Arts and Letters, 353; animals, 302; atmosphere documentary, 124; atomic testing, 54; Audubon Medal, 353; background of, 44–45; balance of nature, 367; Baltimore 47; “A Battle in the Clouds,” 45; Beston, 51, 73; Bikini Atoll tests, 54; “The Birth off an Island,” 57; books, view of, 374; breast cancer, 167, 179; California, 344–46; Catholic, 264; Columbus address, 118; Conservation in 55–56, 215; Conservationist of the Year, 347; Lois Crisler, 223; William J. Darby, 264; DDT, 52–54, 147; death of, 366–67; Defenders of Wildlife, 369; Democratic Advisory Council, 167; Dinosaur National Monument, 99; diving, 57; “eco-activist revolution,” 599; “ecologist,” 346; The Edge of the 72–73, 122–23, 133; Ehrenfried Pfeiffer, 149–50; “fisheries fiasco,” 240–41; Flaming Gorge Dam, 240–41; Frances K. Hutchinson Medal, 62, 311; Ann Cottrell Free, 302; Dorothy Freeman, 179; Orville Freeman, 334; Robert Frost, death of, 303; Garden Club of America, 311–12; Carol B. Gartner, 367; geese, 350; Guarding Our Wildlife 56; “Help Your Child to Wonder,” 368; Hickory Hill seminar, 314–15; interdependence, 367; iritis, 218; islands, 61; Kaiser Foundation symposium, 346; JFK, death of, 350–51; JFK, administration and, 311; Paul Knight, 252; 264; Linda Lear, 48, 148; Man Against the 151; media star, 553; medical problems, 57; monarch butterflies, 346; Moppet, 301; “My Favorite Recreation,” 45; National Audubon Society, Rachel Carson Award, 368; National Wildlife Federation, 347; Natural Wildlife Refuges, 56–57; The Nature Conservancy, Maine, 123; “Of Man and the Stream of Time,” 255; 124; “Our Ever-Changing Shore,” 133; Linus Pauling, 85; pelicans, 345; pesticides, 150; Presidential Medal of Freedom, 368; The Quiet 346–47, 356; reptiles, 44; Marie Rodell, 344–46; Schweitzer Medal, 301–3; Albert Schweitzer, 301–2; Scripps commencement address, 255; The Sea Around 57, 60–62, 180; seashore, 43–64, 367; Senate Committee on Commerce, 314; Senate subcommittee on DDT, 314, Sense of 368; Silent ad hominem attacks for, 264; Silent finishing of, 218–19; Silent primary aims of, 254; Silent writing of, 167; The Silent Spring of Rachel 307–10; Solomon, 63–64; William Souder, 51; Southport, Special Libraries Association, 254; Strontium 90, 222; as teacher, 367; 264; “Undersea,” 47; Under the 50–52; Velsicol Chemical Corporation, 263; White House Conference on Conservation, 236; wildlife refuges, 215; Woman’s Home 368; Women’s Committee for the New Frontier, 179; World Book Encyclopedia 265
Carter, Jimmy, 368, 397, 464, 546, 558, 650
catalytic converter, 659
Cathedral in the Desert, Glen Canyon, Utah, 1964 (Hyde), 398
Central and Southern Florida Project, 34
Central Arizona Project, 450–56
CEQ. See Council on Environmental Quality
Chavez, Cesar, 446–48, 474, 478, 493–94, 513–14, 553, 590, 600
Chesapeake & Ohio Canal National Historical Park, 14, 76–83, 199, 294, 429, 551, 601, 667
Child Protection Act, 478
Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge, 56, 316
Chippewa, 337, 338, 474
Chisman Creek poisoning, 91
chlorinated hydrocarbons, 256, 257, 375
Christiansted Harbor at Saint Croix, The Virgin Islands (Lamotte), 216
Christie, Roger, 63, 252, 257, 367
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), 87, 88
Church, Frank, 168–69, Apollo 11, 579; defeat of, 668; Earth Day, 602; Paul Ehrlich, 524; LBJ, 354, 502; National Environmental Policy bill, 484; Nixon, 564; River of No Return Wilderness, 668; Silent defense of, 370; Sun Valley ski resorts, 496–97; White House Conference on Conservation, 238; Wild and Scenic River Bill, RFK, 423; Wilderness bill, 211, 304, 391; wild-river legislation, 414–15; WSR, 534–35
Citizens for Clean Air, 58, 359, 589
Citizens League Against the Sonic Boom, 497–98
Civilian Conservation Corps, 9, 158, 536, 559
Civilization and Ethics (Schweitzer), 48
Civil Rights Act of 1957, 173
Civil Rights Act of 1964, 376, 413, 463
Clean Air Act (1963), 136, 293, 305–6, 358–59, 417, 424, 579
Clean Air Act (1970), 604, 619–20, 658–60
Clean Water Act (1972), 289, 353, 424, 437, 480, 574–77, 631, 644–45
Clean Waters Restoration Act, 306
287
climate change, 232, 375, 427–28, 472, 583, 585, 662, 668
Clinton, Bill, 228, 576, 604, 672
Closing Circle, The (Commoner), 328, 624, 668
Cohelan, Jeffery, 403
Cold War, 22–23, 38–41, 67–68
Colorado River, “Bulldozed America,” 431
Colorado River Basin Project, 449, 454
Colorado River Compact, 101
Colorado River dams, 449, 599
Colorado River Storage Project, 99, 100, 102, 106
Committee for a More Beautiful Capital, 421, 428
Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, 304, 482, 530
Committee on Rare and Endangered Wildlife Species, 463–64
“Committees of Correspondence,” 406
Commoner, Barry: Baby Tooth Survey, 144; chemical-manufacturing business, 138; The Closing Circle: Nature, Man, and 624, 668; DDT, 54–55, 138; Diablo Canyon Power Plant, 571–72; Earth Day, 624; ecology, 553; ecoracism, 667–68; 554; “dioxin-producing factories,” 360; fallout, 85; incinerators, 360; Indianapolis speech, 143; Lake Erie, 576; LBJ, Special 435; media star, 553; National Conference on Air Pollution, 292; National Environmental Policy Act, 590; Nuclear 553; “oil shock,” 658; “Paul Revere of Ecology,” 553; plastics, 139, 624; pollution, 554; run for president, 667; Science Information Movement, 143; science, 554; Scientist and 553; Test Ban Treaty, 328; Washington University office, 138
Compton, Neil, 246, 636–37
Con Edison, 285–86, 431
Congressional Black Caucus (CBC), 622–23, 623
Congressional 276, 463
conservation, 116, 377, 552
Conservation Foundation, 556, 586
Conservation in Action (Carson), 55–56, 215
Conservationist of the Year Award, 347
Contribution to the Heritage of Every American, A (Newhall), 130
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, 657
Cooley, Arthur, 371, 489, 491
COPD, 87, 88
copper, 463, 485
Corral Canyon nuclear power plant, 297
Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ), 556, 587–88, 608, 645, 654–55
Counselor: A Life at the Edge of History (Sorensen), 67
Courage of Empire, The (DeVoto), 95
Cousins, Norman, 20–22, 60, 126, 141–42, 144–45, 160, 323–26, 377, 430, 445, 659
Cousteau, Jacques-Yves, 68–69, 140, 166, 231, 320, 643–44
Craighead, Frank and John, 32, 414, 468, 532
cranberries, 150, 213, 259, 474
cranes, 113, 463, 469–73, 661
Crisler, Lois, 223, 274, 395
crocodiles, 34, 545, 661
Cronkite, Walter, 553, 599, 624, 651
Cronon, William, 399–400
Cross Bronx Expressway, 363–64
“Crying Indian,” 625–626
Cumberland Island National Seashore, 120, 127, 649–50
Current River, 198–99, 245, 347
Cuyahoga River, 429, 572–76, 587
cyanide, 470, 575, 632
D
“Daisy,” 411
dams: American, number of, 535; anti-dam sentiment, 378; Blanco River, 532; Bridge Canyon Dam, 321, 449, 455, 487; Central and Southern Florida Project and, 34–35; Douglas on, 221, 405; EPA, 608; Eisenhower and, 106; Federal Water Project Recreation Act of 1965 and, 420; Flaming Gorge Dam, 240, 381; Goodbye to a River (Graves), 532, 561; Greers Ferry Dam, 347–48; Hells Canyon dam, 158; High Mountain Sheep Dam, 485; Hoover Dam, 321, 341; Johnson and, 158, 174, 417, 420; Marble Canyon Dam, 321, 449, 455, 487; Missouri, 268; Murie and, 78; Murray and, 111; Nixon, 608; Oahe Dam, 268–69; O’Shaughnessy Dam, 98; policy contradictions and, 347; Reagan, 665; Red River Gorge, 498–99; San Luis Dam, 272; Trinity River and, 378; Truman and, 34, 40–41; Water for Peace program and, 456; western states and, 68, 184; wild and scenic river system and, 245, 530; Yellowtail Dam, 461; See also Allagash, Buffalo River, Bureau of Reclamation, Dinosaur National Monument, Glen Canyon Dam, Potomac River, Riverbend Project, Save the Grand Canyon
DDT, 52–58, 638–42; agricultural workers, 447; A Wilderness Bill of 406; bald eagles, 469, 641; cancer and, 254; caribou, 369; Rachel Carson, 314, 367; chromosomes and, 367; defenders of, 253; EDF, 491–92; falcons, 148; fire ant, 253; fogger spraying, gulf shrimp, 352; Japanese beetles, 492; malaria and 375; MCC, 488–90; Michigan, 150; Montrose Chemical, 263; mosquitoes, 258; Müller, 258; Nader, Ralph, 425; Gaylord Nelson, 291; New York lawsuit, 146; NFWA, 447; Nixon and, 557; pelicans, 345; penguins, 369; Richard Pough, 112; Abraham Ribicoff, 314; Robert Riseborough, Albert Schweitzer, 146; Senate banning of, 292; Spock lawsuit, 147–50; spraying of, 313; Stringfellow Acid Pits, 494; Suffolk County’s Control commission, 372; Suffolk trial, 489–90; United Nations Stockholm conference, 641; Use of 312; wars, 370, 489; Robert White-Stevens, 309; Wisconsin, 492; World Health Organization malaria project, 262; Charles Wurster, Suffolk trial, 488–90; Victor Yannacone, Jr., 488–90; Yaphank Lake, 372, 488–90
Death Valley, 545, 557
Deep 373
Deer Family, The (Roosevelt), 559
Defenders of Wildlife, 32, 302, 357, 369, 465–66, 470–71, 589
Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area, 428, 459
Dellums, Ron, 510, 622–24
Democratic Party, 1968 convention, 520
desalinization, 230–31, 238
Desert Solitaire: A Season in the Wilderness (Abbey), 30, 102, 522–23, 547
Desert Year, The (Krutch), 205
Designer Poisons (Moses), 514
DeVoto, Bernard, 95–96, 670
Dharma Bums, The (Kerouac), 114–15, 210, 542
Diablo Canyon Power Plant, 571–72
dieldrin, 53, 150–151, 256, 352, 369, 375, 492
Diet for a Small Planet (Lappé), 605
Dingell, John, 304, 352–53, 484, 586, 588, 608, 643, 654, 659
Dinosaur National Monument,98–102, 116, 240, 423, 449, 552
“Dirty Dozen,” 616–17
“dirty water,” 429, 489, 492, 638
“Dirty Water” (Standells), 159
Disaster on Buffalo 635, 636
“disease of overconsumption,” 591, 625
Dobrynin, Anatoly, 324, 659
dolphins, 48, 140, 232–33, 578, 643–44, 650, 654
Dominy, Floyd, 409, 450
Donora, PA, 35–37, 59, 88–90, 117, 587
Douglas, Cathy, 495–96, 498–99
Douglas, Marjorie Stoneman, 32–34, 286, 414, 435, 467, 483, 590, 594–95
Douglas, Paul, 129, 188, 199, 241, 243–44, 248, 429–30, 474, 499
Douglas, William Orville, 10–15; ACE, 34; Alaska wildlife refuges, 189; Harold Alexander, 246; Allagash, 180–81, 200; “America’s Vanishing Wilderness,” 406; Apollo 11, 579; A Wilderness Bill of 405; Brower, dismissal of, 582; Brower, noise pollution and, 497; Buffalo River, 246, 636; “Bulldozed America,” 431; C&O, 76–81, Canyonlands National Park, 410; cars, 74; Rachel Carson, 221; Chesapeake & Ohio Canal National Historical Park, 667; “Committees of Correspondence,” 406; Cougar Lakes, 399; Cuyahoga River, 576; dams, Nixon and, 621; DDT, 148–49, 219–20; death of, 667; Earth Day, 601; Farewell to Texas: A Vanishing 280, 621; Forest Service, 75–76; Gerald Ford, 666; Glacier Peak Wilderness Area, 485; Goose Prairie, 495–96; Guadalupe National Park, 280; Hiroshima, 19–20; Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, 475; Bobby Kennedy and, 357; Jack Kennedy, 136; Lake Lyndon B. Johnson, 486; LBJ, 170, 486, 496, 540; Maine North Woods, 440; marriages, 76; Douglas McKay, 93; Robert S. McNamara, 496; Mission 66, 405; Edmund Muskie, 200; My Wilderness: East to 81, 200, 222–23, 339; My Wilderness: The Pacific 81, 200, 339; National Parks Association lecture, 219–221; Neuberger, 110, 169–70; noise pollution, 497; North Cascades National Park, 404–5; NTSA, Potomac, 538; Occupational Safety and Health Act, 620–21; Of Men and 59, 542; Sigurd Olson, 81; Olympic National Park, 93, 129–20, 250–51; Ozark National Scenic Riverways, 377; poisons, 470; Potomac, 82–83, 159, 219–21; presidential ambitions, 31–32; Red River Gorge, 498–99; Redwood National Park, 541; redwoods, 402; reservoirs, 406; retirement of, 666; RFK, 486–87; Riverbend project, 199; road building, 76; rules of standing, 582–83; Sangamon River Project, 499; Eric Sevareid, 308; Sierra Club, 265, 582; Silent 219–23, 255; Soviet atomic testing, 221; Marjorie Spock, 148–49; Storm King, 289; supersonic passenger planes, 497–98; surveillance of, 666; Texas, 621; Thoreau anniversary party, 234–35; Udall v. Federal Power 485; Vietnam War, 499–500; water pollution, 159; Wild and Scenic Rivers bill, 399; Wilderness Act, 398; wilderness protection, 74; wild-river legislation, 414; Yakima home, Soviet Union trip, 83–84
Dow Chemical, 220, 352, 565
Dr. Schweitzer of Lambaréné (Cousins, Urquhart), 144–45
Dupont Corporation, 53, 139, 220, 598, 647
Dyer, Polly, 116, 193, 343, 542
E
579
Earle, Sylvia, 368, 372–74, 609–11
Earth Day, 578, 597–606
Earthrise, 549–50
Earthwatch, 641
Earth Week 1972, 633–34
Echo Park Dam, 98–99, 102, 110
Ecological Society of America, 521–22
ecology, 70, 225
Ecology of Invasions by Animals and Plants, The (Elton), 151
263–64
ecoracism, 667–68
Ecotactics: The Sierra Club Handbook for Environmental 525, 600
ecotourism, 131, 409, 637
EDF. See Environmental Defense Fund
Edge of the Sea, The (Carson), 62, 72–73, 122–23, 133, 367, 545
Egan, Michael, 85, 141
Ehrlich, Paul, 523–24, 553, 600
Ehrlichman, John D., 518–19, 564, 568, 571, 578, 590, 595, 603, 607–8, 632, 663
Einstein, Albert, 23
Eiseley, Loren, 264–65, 336
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 67–68, 81, 84, 99, 102, 106, 117, 125, 145, 189, 298, 364, 560–61
Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test, The (Wolfe), 525
electrometallurgy, 338
elephants, tusks, 660
elk, 78, 274
Encounters with the Archdruid (McPhee), 519, 582, 650
Endangered Species Act of 1973, 248, 290, 469, 654–55, 659–62
Endangered Species Act of 1969, passage of, 248, 290, 577
Endangered Species Preservation Act (ESPA), 463–65, 470–74, 519
endrin, 53, 256, 351, 352, 375
Enduring Shore (Schneider), 213
Enduring Wilderness, The (Scott), 390
“environmental bill of rights,” 651
Environmental Defense Fund (EDF), 491–93, 521, 570, 589
Environmental Impact Statements (EIS), EPA, 585–87, 608, 615, 637–38, 656
environmentalism, 116–17, 552–53
environmental law, 372, 489, 492, 589
Environmental Leadership Medal, 668
environmental movement: Bodega Head, 296; Commoner and, 668; criticism of, 613; Dinosaur National Monument, 552; Earth Day and, 606; embryonic state of, 37; environmental racism and, 668; global quality of, 641, 658; LBJ and, 378; Martin Luther King, Jr., 152–53; political identity of, 521; Pete Seeger, 287; sewage treatment and, 398; Silent Spring and, 222, 370, 375; Stegner’s “Wilderness Letter,” 184; Storm King, 289; Udall, 200, 673; Wilderness Act, 398; Watergate scandal and, 662
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 597, 608, 639; automobile emissions, 619, 632; CEQ, 588; Clean Water bill, 645; DDT, 639–40; Ehrlichman, 607; EIS, 614–15; Environmental Pesticide Control Act of 1972, 647; Johnson administration and, 560; National Ambient Air Quality Standards, 620; Gaylord Nelson, 604; and new environmental presence in Washington, 619; Nixon and, 630; Ruckelshaus, 614, 665; as scapegoat, 658; Time magazine, 574; Russell Train, 657; Udall and, 672–73; water analysis 616; water-quality standards, 631; whooping crane, 661
environmental racism, 479–82
Environmental Rights and 492
Environmental Science Services Administration (ESSA), 425, 585
environmental teach-in, 578–80, 597–98, 601–4
eutrophication, 139, 575, 578
Everglades, The (Carr), 467
Everglades: River of Grass, The (Douglas), 33–34, 286, 467, 483
Everglades National Park, 27, 33–35, 151, 230, 483, 594–96, 661
F
fallout: AEC and, 85–86, 141; Atomic Energy Commission and, 300; baby teeth and, 144; Bikini Atoll tests and, 54, 84–85; Carson, 222, 559; Commoner on, 141, 143; “The Fallout Problem,” 143; ignorance of, 20–21; Japan and, 39; LBJ, 411; JFK, 323, 328; King, 152–53; Lawrence, 324; leukemia and, 85; Limited Test Ban Treaty and, 328; media and, 553; 124; Novaya Zemlya, 301; Pacific Proving Grounds, 24; Pauling and, 85, 144; pesticides and, 222; Reiss and, 144; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 141; Schweitzer, 145–46, 151; Soviet testing, 221; Teller, 143; testing and, 140–41; Trinity, 18–19; Udall, lawsuits over, 670. See also Nevada Test Site, SANE
Farewell to Texas (Douglas), 280, 621
Farm Animal Rights Movement, 605
Farmer, Jared, 538
Federal Council for Science and Technology, pesticides and, 261
Federal Energy Administration Act, 662
Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act of 1972, 647
Federal Hazardous Substances Act, 478
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, 370
Federal Pest Control Review Board, 253
Federal Power Commission, 286, 423, 427, 485, 530
Federal Water Pollution Control Act, 41, 230, 588, 645–46. See also Clean Water bill
Federal Water Project Recreation Act of 1965, 420
ferret, 319, 320, 469, 472–73, 660
fire ant, 150–52, 167, 253
Firefall, 270, 272, 611
Fire Island National Seashore, 119, 237, 318, 377, 382–83
Fish and Wildlife Service, 52–53, 55, 78, 150, 240, 248, 253, 279, 311, 440, 464, 469–71, 531, 661
“fisheries fiasco,” 240–41
Flaming Gorge Dam, 240–41, 381
Flawed Giant: Lyndon Johnson and His Times, 1961–1973 (Dallek), 433
233, 643
Florida Power & Light, 472, 661
Food and Drug Administration, DDT, 139, 149, 254, 369
Ford, Gerald, 663, 666, 669
Forest Service, 75–76; Bridger National Forest, 223; clear cutting and, 656; Disney, 583; ecosystems and, 240; Glacier Peak preserve, 485; Izaak Walton League, 656; Kennedy and, 188; land designations of, 391; multiple-use policy, 305, 405; National Trails Act, 536–37; North Cascades, 542; Ozark National Forest, 637; “primitive areas,” 28; redwoods, 379; Theodore Roosevelt, 559; Sierra Nevada, 582–83; Stegner’s “Wilderness Letter,” 185; timber barons and, 193; wild and scenic rivers, 531; wilderness areas, 392; Wilderness bill, 108, 110, 115, 184
fracking, 28–30, 581
Francis, Sharon, 192–94, 215, 234–35, 240–41, 294, 355–56, 403, 413, 495
Frank Church–River of No Return Wilderness Area, 668
Freeman, Dorothy, 73, 123, 179, 221, 257, 345, 350, 367
Freeman, Orville, 188, 211, 245, 252, 259, 309, 312, 334–35, 391, 393
Freeway Protest, 364
Frenchman Flat, 39, 322
Fresh Kills, 58–59, 578, 600
Friends of the Earth, 581–82, 606, 621, 623, 624, 631, 643
“From a Mountaintop to 1,000 Fathoms deep” (Boyle), 290
Frost, Robert, 8, 182, 189–90, 199, 209, 215, 234–35, 303–4, 348, 590
Fryingpan-Arkansas Project, 267–68
Fulbright, J. William, 246, 637
Fundamentals of Ecology, The (Odum), 70–72, 390
G
Gaa-miskwaabikaang, 338
Galbraith, John Kenneth, 160, 577
Gandhi, Indira, 641–42
Garden Club of America, 62, 65, 126, 311–12, 418
Gateway National Recreation Area, 648–49, 664
geese, 468–69
General Motors, 306–7, 425–26, 630
“geography of hope,” 186
Get Oil Out, 570
Gift from the Sea (Lindbergh), 123
Gilliam, Harold, 215, 273–74, 297
Give Your Heart to the Hawks and Other Poems (Jeffers), 346
Glacier Peak Wilderness Area, 394–95, 485
Glen Canyon Dam, 98, 102, 106–7, 206, 320, 341, 599
Glenn, John, 457–58
global warming, 54, 232, 375, 478, 583–85
Goldberg, Arthur J., 188, 361
“Golden Circle,” 409
Golden Gate National Recreation Area, 274–75, 590, 632, 648
Goldwater, Barry, 188, 394, 411–12, 598
Goodbye to a River (Graves), 532, 561
Goodwin, Doris Kearns, 502, 529, 561
Goodwin, Richard, 376–77, 416, 428, 509, 560
Gore, Al, Jr., 374–75
Grand Canyon (Krutch), 409
Grand Canyon: Today and All Its Yesterdays (Krutch), 206
Grand Canyon National Park, 196, 312, 431, 487, 558, 599. See also Save the Grand Canyon
Grand Teton National Park, 227, 229, 339, 627–28
Graves, John, 532, 561
Great Basin National Park, 39, 192, 225–26, 342
Great Beach, 7, 121, 213
“Great Killer Fog of 1952,” 89
Great Lakes, 68, 128, 131, 166, 202, 214, 241–44, 291, 337, 460, 519, 538, 630, 633. See also Lake Erie and Lake Superior
Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement, 577, 633–34, 641
Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve, 545
Great Smoky Mountains National Park, 191, 476
Gruening, Ernest, 383, 406
Guadalupe Mountain National Park, 280, 459
Guarding Our Wildlife Resources (Carson), 56
gypsy moth, 146, 151–52, 167
H
“hacking towers,” 469
Haldeman, H. R., 630, 657
Handbook of Turtles (Carr), 133
Harper’s 95–96
Harris, Mary Hazell, 465, 470
Hart, Philip, 129, 236, 241, 248, 354, 460, 564, 591, 643
Harte, Edward H., 277, 279
Hartley, Fred, 566, 569
Hartzog, George B., Jr., 198–99, 362, 443, 476, 512–13, 552, 613
Harvest of Sorrow (Moses), 514
Hattiesburg, 330
Hayes, Denis, 597–98, 616–17, 668
Head Start, 363, 559
“Help Your Child to Wonder” (Carson), 368
Henry David Thoreau (Krutch), 205
heptachlor, 150, 256, 258, 352
Hersey, John, 22, 30
Hetch Hetchy Valley, 98–100
Hickel, Walter, 548–49, 56–71, 577, 600, 602, 606–7, 617, 664
Hickey, Joseph J., 148, 180
Higgins, Elmer, 47, 147
High Jungles and Low (Carr), 133
High Mountain Sheep Dam, Udall v. Federal Power 485
Highway Beautification Act, 432–34, 548
Hiroshima (Hersey), 22
Hiroshima, 19–22, 212, 255, 330, 552, 580, 672
“Home-a-rama,” 479
Hoover, Herbert, 8, 545, 549
Hoover, J. Edgar, 188, 357, 603
Hopi, 94, 455, 523
House Made of Dawn (Momaday), 524
Houston riot, 480–81
Hudson River, 159, 201, 285–90, 320, 423–24, 431, 458, 516, 534, 574. See also Storm King Mountain
Hudson River’s White Water Derby, 487
Huerta, Dolores, 446–47
Humphrey, Hubert, 107–9, 148, 168, 327, 333, 390–91, 394, 521–22, 600, 643
Hyde, Philip, 100, 380, 398, 454, 526
I
Ickes, Harold L., 25–26, 30, 33–34, 37, 93, 243, 410–11, 552
Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, 188, 214, 237, 241–44, 410–11, 429–31, 474–76, 521
Indian Point Nuclear Power Plant, 285, 289
“inhumanism,” 346
In Sputnik’s Shadow (Wang), 313
Integrity (Neuberger), 109
International Union for Conservation of Nature, 151, 657
In the Thick of It: My Life in the Sierra Club (McCloskey), 399
Iron Eyes Cody, 624–26, 626
“iron triangle,” 40
Island in Time (Gilliam), 274
“islands of poverty,” 479
Izaak Walton League, 107, 116, 126, 164, 188, 386, 420, 517, 589, 656
J
Jackson, Henry M. “Scoop,” 168, Chesapeake & Ohio Canal National Historical Park, 601; on dams, 454; Earth Day, 600–601; Ehrlichman and, 519; Environmental Impact Statement, 615; EPA, 608; Federal Water Project Recreation Act of 1965, 420; “impeachment politics,” 662; legacy of, 665; National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), 482–84, 585–89, 591; “New Frontiersman,” 168; Nixon, 564, 589, 596; North Cascades National Park, 194, 305, 485–86, 520; NTSA, 418, 536; ORRRC, 132; overconsumption, combat of, 591; Redwood National Park bill, 505; Senate Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, 304; trail system, 418; Wilderness bill, 304; wild-river legislation, 414
Jamaica Bay National Wildlife Refuge, 648–49
Japanese beetles, 492
Javits, Jacob, 383, 424
Jeffers, Robinson, 295, 346
John Brown’s Body (Benèt), 502
Johnson, Lady Bird, American beautification campaign, 363–365; Austin, 653; beautification effort, 381; Big Bend National Park, 441; Boyle, 421; California trip, 448–50; children’s education, 363; Committee for a More Beautiful Capital, 421–22; “Crossing the Trails of Texas” tour, 511–13; death of, 670; Earth Day, 602; Sharon Francis, 413; Head Start, 363; Highway Beautification Act, 431; highways, 363–65; Lady Bird Lake, 670; “Lady Bird Special,” 412; “Land and People” tour, 381; legacy of, 560; NASA, 412; National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, 461; National Wildlife Research Center, 653–54; Padre Island National Seashore, 512; Point Reyes National Seashore, 448; Rachel Carson Award, 670; Redwood National Park, 541; redwoods, 403–4; Rio Grande River, 444; roadside America, natural beauty, 422–23; Sandburg, 475; Texas Highway Department, 563; Texas ranch, return to, 562–63; Udall, 187, 381; With Heritage So 461–63; Yosemite, Vernal Falls, 442
Johnson, Lyndon B., 172–73, Ansel Adams, 419; A More Beautiful 419; African Americans, 176; Allagash Wilderness Waterway, 440–41; “America’s natural heritage” speech, 435–38; Amphicar, 486; Apollo 11, 579; Arches, 557; Assateague Island National Seashore, 428; Big Horn Canyon National Recreation Area, 461; Biscayne National Monument, 546–47; Brower, 380; Browerites and, 529; cabinet of, 356; Canyonlands National Park, 410; Cape Lookout National Seashore, 438–39; Capitol Reef, 557; CCC, 174; Celler, 174; Central Arizona Project, 450; Chanel No. 5, 357; Civil Rights Act of 1964, 413; civil rights speech, 651; climate change, 428; Colorado River Basin Project, 449; Colorado River dams, 449; conservation and, 377, 380, 389, 528–29, 543, 559–61; “Daisy,” 411; death of, 653; Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area, 428, 459; “dirty water,” 429–30; Douglas, 386; Earth Day, 602; ecology movement, 354; election day, 412; electricity, 174; Endangered Species Preservation Act, 463; environmentalists, 500, 528; executive orders, 558; farm activities, 476; FDR and, 385; Fire Island National Seashore, 377, 382; first cabinet meeting, 361; Ford’s Theatre opening, 501; gallbladder, 433; Goodbye to a 532; “the Great Society,” 376; health, 412, 651; Highway Beautification Act, 432–33; inaugural address, 416; Indiana Dunes National Seashore, 429–30, 474–75; “I See an America,” 439–40; JFK, 172, 177, 277; Katmai National Monument, 558; Land and Water Conservation Fund, 400; Aldo Leopold, 390; Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, 411; Marble Canyon National Monument, 558; Michigan commencement address, 376; Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act, 424; National Environmental Policy Act, 484, 591; National Park Foundation, 512; National Trails Program, 418; National Water Commission, 437; Native Americans, 378; Natural Beauty speech, 418; Neuberger, funeral of, 169–70; New Conservation, 379, 508; New Frontier, 357; 1965 State of the Union, 413; Nixon, 579; North Cascades National Park, signing of, 542–43; nuclear testing, 354; on rivers, 532; outdoorsman, type of, 528; Ozark National Scenic Riverways, 377; Padre Island, 276, 278; Pedernales, 354, 384, 530; “pickle liquor,” 430; Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore, 459–60; Point Reyes National Seashore, 460; President’s Council and the Citizens’ Advisory Committee on Recreation and Natural Beauty, 444–45; presidential race, dropping from, 509; raw politics of, 500; Redwood National Park, 379, 381, 401, 539–41; Restoring the Quality of Our 427; RFK adventure junkies, 529; Roosevelt, 385, 529; Sandy Hook State Park, 378; Schweitzer, death of, 430; Special Message (February 23, 1966), “America’s natural heritage” speech, 416–18, 435–38; Special Message to the Congress on Conservation (March 8, 1968), 504, 507–8; State of the Union, redwoods, 503–4; suntan lotion, 528; Texas ranch, 176–77, 562–63; The Last 380; Thoreau, 389; “To Renew a Nation” speech, 507–8; Udall, 356–58, 362, 557–58; urban wildlands, 378; Vantage Point: Perspectives of the Presidency, 563; Vietnam War, 428–29, 508; Reuther, 403; War on Poverty, 363; Water for Peace, 456; Water Quality Act, 424; as westerner, 384–85; Wild and Scenic Rivers Act, 527–35; Wilderness bill, 390; Wilderness classification, 387; wildlife, treatment of, 463; wild-river legislation, 414–16; Wolf Trap National Park, 461; working style, 527
“Johnson treatment,” 358, 509
Josephy, Alvin M., Jr., 215, 228–29, 355
K
Kakagon Sloughs, 335, 337
Katmai National Monument, 547, 558
Keep America Beautiful, 126, 625–26, 659
Kelsey, Frances Oldham, 254, 264
Kennedy, Bobby: assassination of, 515; background, 83; candidacy, announcement of, 513; Chavez, 447, 513–14; Douglas, 13; earth feeling of, 267; fifty-mile hike, 295; Florida, 10; hiking, 13; Hudson River’s White Water Derby, 487; Hudson River, 423–24; kayaking, Jack Kennedy’s Senate run, 66; LBJ cabinet, 356; menagerie, 84; Olympic National Park camping trip, Douglas and, 250–51; “Our Vanishing Shoreline,” 120; preservationist, 357; presidential candidacy, possibility of, 503; raft trip, Rainbow Bridge National Monument, 487; Schweitzer, death of, 430; Jackson, Snake River, 457–58; Soviet Union trip, 83–84; St. Elias Range, 419–20; Storm King, 289, 423; Visalia hearing, 446; Wild Rivers, 423
Kennedy, Edward “Ted,” 10, 600
Kennedy, Ethel, 214, 314, 423, 448, 457–58, 495, 515
Kennedy, Jacqueline, 187, 210 284
Kennedy, Joe, Jr., 7, 13, 15, 16
Kennedy, Joe, Sr., 10, 11, 13, 16, 19, 69, 137
Kennedy, John F., 5–7; Addison’s disease, 267; air pollution, 37, 293–94; The American Heritage Book of 228–29; America’s Cup dinner, 3; Antiquities Act, 216; Apostle Islands, 335, 337–38; Aspinall, dams, 267; Assateague, 316; Buck Island Reef National Monument, 216; C&O Canal, 294; California legislature, 134; Cape Cod National Seashore, 121, 135–36, 167, 213; Carson, 51, 179, 559; Carvel, 249–50; Church, 169; Clark, Jr., 333; Clean Air Act, 136; climate change, 232; Colorado Democratic Convention, 165; Congress, 30–31, 41; conservation, 334, 337, 559; Crosby, 343; Cuban missile crisis, 282–83; Cumberland Island, 650; Current River, 347; Cousins, 324–25; DDT, 55, 260; death of, 348; deer, 340–41; desalinization, 238; Duscha, 334; environmentalism, 260–61; environmental platform of, 171–72; environmental standards, 90; environment identity, 165–66; Federal Pest Control Review Board, 253; Federal Water Pollution Control Act, 41; Fire Island, 318; Flash 15; Florida, 10; Kelsey, 264; Freeman, 188, 245; Frost, 182, 303; Fryingpan-Arkansas Project, 267–69; Glen Canyon Dam, 341; Glen Ora, 194; Grand Teton National Park, 339; Great Basin National Park, 342; Great Lakes, 202; Greers Ferry Dam, 347–48; Hanford Engineer Works, 339; health of, 9–10; hiking, 13; Hiroshima, 20; Honey 283; Hoover Dam, 341; Humphrey, 333; Hyannis Port, inaugural, 189; intelligent conservation, 225; Jacks Fork, 347; Jackson Lake Lodge, 339; Jay Six cattle ranch, 15; Jim Crow, 335; Khrushchev, 212; Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act, 164; Lake Erie, 166; Lake Superior, 335, 337; Landrum-Griffin Act, 164; Laramie speech, 338; Las Vegas speech, 342; last conservation journey, criticisms of, 343; LBJ, 172–74, 177, 277; Leopold Report, 320; love of sea, 267; Lyautey, 238; McCarthy, 333; McKay, 92; military, 16; Mormon Tabernacle, 341; Mount Lassen Volcanic National Park, 340; National Park Service, 127; National Environmental Policy Act, 591; National Wilderness Preservation System, 136; Nelson, 333, 336–37; New Conservation agenda, 195; “New Frontier,” 168, 170, 187, 266, 294; 1956 Democratic National Convention, 126; 1960 presidential campaign, 157–58; 1960 presidential campaign, issues of, 159–60; nuclear power, 339–40; nuclear weapons testing, 212; Oahe Dam, 268; Oakes, 83; oceans, 3–4; “Our American Cities and Their Second-Class Citizens,” 90; “Our Vanishing Shoreline,” 120; Outdoor Recreation Act, 320; Padre Island National Seashore, 279; Peace Corps, 174; “Peace Speech,” 326; physical fitness campaign, 294–95; Pictured Rocks, 338; Pinchot, 335; Point Reyes National Seashore, 274; Potomac preservation, 82; Prairie National Park, 226; preservation, 42; presidential election, 181; Presidential Library and Museum of, 351; presidential nomination, 170; Profiles in 122; reelection, 130; refuges, 248–49; Reuther, river preservation, 245; Russell Cave National Monument, 216; Saguaro National Monument, 217; sailing, 15, San Luis Dam, 272; scientific approach, 262; scientists and, 230–31; Senate, 65; 283; S. 476, signing of, Shadrach, 315; Silent 260–61; Silent Spring of Rachel 307; The Silent 68; Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act, 279; Special Message to the Congress on Conservation (March 1), 1962, 225, 227, 253, 279–80; Special Message to the Congress on Natural Resources to Congress (February 23), 1961, 195; State of the Union address, 219, 224; St. Elias Range, 419–20; St. Lawrence Seaway, 68; test ban treaty, 324–28; “third-wave” conservation, 127; This Is the American 178; Turner, 294; Udall, 164, 182; Under the 51; upbringing of, 4–10; “Use of Pesticides: A Report of the President’s Science Advisory Committee,” 375; western states tour, 266; Why England 16; Wilderness bill, 211, 347–48; wildlife refuges, 214; William Orville Douglas, 13; Woman’s 328; Women Strike for Peace, 284; World Health Organization malaria project, 262; Yale commencement address, 262; Yarborough, 280–81; Yellowstone County Fairgrounds, 338; Yosemite, 269–72, Youth Conservation Corps, 269, 338
Kennedy, John Francis “Honey Fitz,” 5
Kennedy, Kerry, 457–58, 488
Kennedy, Robert F., Jr., 82, 314–15, 516
Kennedy, Rose, 5–10, 16, 60, 182
Kent State shootings, 606
Kerouac, Jack, 74–75, 114, 210, 542
Kerry, John, 606
Key deer, 471, 560
Khrushchev, Nikita, 141–42, 212, 282–84, 301, 303, 324–28
“killer fog,” 35
King, Coretta Scott, 284, 357, 377, 478, 511
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 142–43, 152–53, 299, 323–24, 327, 477–79, 494, 500, 510
King, Philip, 316–17
Kingdom of God and Primitive Christianity (Schweitzer), 145
Knight, Paul, 252–54
“Know America First,” 361
Korea, 38–39, 287
Krug, Julius, 27, 37
Krutch, Joseph Wood, 205–7, 409, 450–51, 558
Kuchel, Thomas H., 192, 211, 270, 273–74, 505, 535
Kuralt, Charles, “Bulldozed America,” 430–31
L
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center, 654
Lady Bird Lake, 670
Lake Erie, 166, 214, 572–77, 632–33
Lake Lyndon B. Johnson, 486
Lake Superior, 128, 202, 291, 335–38, 460
Land and Water Conservation Act (LWCA), 460–61
Land and Water Conservation Fund (LWCF), 358, 400–401, 417, 649
“land ethic,” 59, 210, 355, 376, 431, 524
Landrum-Griffin Act, 164
Lasker, Mary, 421, 590
Last Redwoods, The (Hyde, Leydet), 380, 401, 504, 526
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 329
leaded gasoline, 75, 299, 307, 359, 425, 553, 658
League of Conservation Voters, 581, 644, 651
League of Women Voters, 420
Lear, Linda, 48, 148, 253, 261
Legacy of Parks, 594, 627–28, 655
Legal Defense Fund, 490, 493, 604
Leopold, Aldo, 59–60, 115, 210, 376, 399–400, 552
“Leopold Report,” 319–20
Let the Mountains Talk, Let the Rivers Run (Chappell, Brower), 582
Lewis and Clark Expedition, The (Neuberger), 110
Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, 141, 160, 322–30, 342–43, 347, 357, 411, 445
Lincoln, Abraham, 182, 242, 269, 475, 501, 502
Lindsay, John, 359, 573, 600
“litterbug,” 126
“Little Boxes” (Reynolds), 297
Living Wilderness (Dore), 105, 185, 191, 194, 304
lizards, 113, 214, 466
Lodge, Henry Cabot, Jr., 65–66, 170
Lonely Land, The (Olson), 81, 162, 202
Long Island legal case, 150
“Long Island Ten,” 491
“Long Sixties,” 4, 297
Lorax, The (Seuss), 576
Lowell, Robert, 235
Lyndon B. Johnson State Park, 563
M
MacKaye, Benton, 29, 235, 418, 536
Mailer, Norman, 520, 580
Malthusianism, 59
Man and Dolphin (Lilly), 233
manatee, 373, 472, 545, 644, 656, 660
Manhattan Project, 18, 38, 68, 94, 143
Mansfield, Mike, 188, 535
Marble Canyon National Monument, 547, 558
Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL), 44, 65
Marine Mammal Protection Act, 472, 520, 643–44, 647, 654, 660
Masland, Frank, 203, 211
McCarthy, Eugene, 333, 502, 508–9
McCloskey, Michael, 239, 393, 399, 540, 582, 600
McCloskey, Pete, 579, 597, 599, 646
McGovern, George, 292, 338–39, 502, 528, 567, 642–44, 646
McGrory, Mary, Stewart Udall, 413
McKay, Douglas, 81, 92–3, 127
McKibben, Bill, 307, 312, 606
McLean, Louis, 45, 84, 164, 263, 448, 509
McNamara, Robert S., 428, 496
McPhee, John, 519, 582, 650
Medicine Lodge Peace Treaty, 463
Merchants of Doubt (Oreskes, Conway), 375
Metcalfe, Ralph, 622, 623
military-industrial complex, 118, 243, 298
milk, 53, 141, 148–49, 212, 222, 411, 492, 597
Mill Creek, 402–3, 504–5, 541
Minarets Wilderness, 392, 397–98, 669
“Mission 66,” 115–16, 178, 191, 362, 393, 405
Mississippi River, 41, 214, 352, 430, 574
Missouri River, 111, 268, 553, 574
Moab, UT, 409, 410
modern environmental movement, birth of, 222
Modern Man Is Obsolete (Cousins), 20–21
Mondale, Walter, 423, 530, 533–34, 567
More Beautiful America, A (Adams, Johnson), 419
More Lives than One (Krutch), 207
Morton, Rogers, 617, 627–28, 636
Moses, Marion, 447, 513–14
Moses, Robert, 260, 318, 363, 383
Mother 555
Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act, 424
Mountaineers, 192–93, 395, 542
Moyers, Bill, 361, 414–15, 560
Moynihan, Daniel Patrick, 425, 584–85, 614
Muir, John, 96–98, 200 242, 257, 269
Müller, Paul Hermann, 52, 258
Mumford, Lewis, 353, 364
Murie, Margaret “Mardy,” 189, 355, 391, 533
Murie, Olaus, 78, 80, 102, 189, 395
Murray, James E., 111, 129
Museum of Comparative Zoology, 464
Musil, Robert K., 73, 152
Muskie, Edmund, 200–201, 305–7, 358–59, 414, 420, 440, 500, 519, 521, 591, 645, 586–90, 594–96, 600, 619–20, 628, 631, 644–45
Must They Die? (McNulty), 660
“My Favorite Recreation” (Carson), 45
Myths of August (Udall), 672
N
Nabokov, Vladimir, 255, 287–87
Nader, Ralph, 200, 299, 360, 425–27, 493–94, 517, 553, 571, 576–77, 600, 619, 658, 642
NASA, 159, 311, 549–50, 579–80, 610
Nash, Roderick Frazier, 394, 570–71
144, 205
National Ambient Air Quality Standards, 620
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, 490
National Audubon Society, 236, 259, 368, 484, 490, 492, 594, 639
National Commission on Pesticides, 370
National Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy (SANE), 141–42, 160, 323–24, 326, 357, 377, 445, 622
National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants, 620
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), 102, 111, 437, 482–85, 585–91, 607, 641
National Farm Workers Association (NFWA), 446–48, 478
National Forest System, 401, 537
National 95, 216, 401, 419, 470
National Geographic Society, 216, 275, 380, 401–2
National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, 461–63, 501
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 607–11, 616–17
National Park Foundation, 512, 589, 650
National Parks Association, 79, 83, 106, 219–21, 418
National Park Service: A Report on the Seashore Recreation Area Survey of the Atlantic and Gulf 119; Buffalo National River, 636; Cape Cod National Seashore, 213; Carl Sandburg Home National Historic Site, 476; Chesapeake & Ohio Canal National Historical Park, 667; civil rights, 227; dams and, 99–100, 245; Great Lakes Shoreline survey, 128; Hartzog, 362; idea of, 96; Johnson boyhood home, 563; LWCF, 401; Mission 66, 115, 191, 393, 405; Nixon, 517; Our Fourth Shore: Great Lakes Shoreline Recreation Area 241; Point Reyes National Seashore, 274; river systems, 245–46; Rockefeller, 132; Wilderness Act, 110, 115, 392; Wirth, 127; With Heritage So Rich: A Report of a Special Committee on Historic 461; WSR, 532–33
“National Parks for the Future” (Udall), 191
National Park System: Allagash, 200; Buck Island, 216; Cape Cod, 121, 135, 201, 213, 317; Dinosaur National Monument, 98–99, 240; Firefall, 611; Fire Island, 318; Ickes, 25; Jamaica Bay National Wildlife Refuge, 648, 649; JFK, 225, 269, 334, 559; Lady Bird Big Bend trip, 443; LBJ, 459, 563; Leopold Report, 320; New Frontier forts, 217; “Our Vanishing Shoreline,” 120, 127; preservation and, 318; racial integration and, 362; Rockefeller, 132; Sandburg, 476; Udall, 192, 361, 557, 558; Virgin Islands, 132; visitations, increase of, 392; waterpower enthusiasts and, 100; Wilderness bill, 115; Wirth, 127; Yosemite, 613
National Preservation Act, 511
National Resources Defense Council (NRDC), 289, 383
National Scenic Trails, 418, 526, 536, 560
National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act, 427, 478
National Trails Program, 418
National Trails System Act, 536–38
National Water Commission, 437, 556
National Water Research Institute, 420
National Wild and Scenic Rivers system, 378, 441, 509, 531–32, 535. See also Wild and Scenic Rivers Act
National Wilderness Preservation System, 29, 136, 385, 390, 401
National Wildflower Research Center, 653–54
National Wildlife Federation, 116, 164, 175, 259, 347, 393, 479, 484
Native Americans: AIM, 522; The American Heritage Book of 228–29; bald eagle, 474; Big Bend, 443; Big Horn Canyon National Recreation Area, 461; Black Mesa, strip mining in, 455; Blue Lake, 618–19; Bureau of Indian Affairs, 187; Cave, 216; Chief Seattle, 114; Colorado River Basin Project, 449; Comanche Indians, territory of, 441; Crow Indian Reservation, 381; Crow people, 461; dams, 378; environmental injustice and, 229–30; Gila River Indian Reservation, 646; Havasupai, 94; Hohokam Pima, 646; Hoop Valley Tribe Reservation, 378; Hopi, 94, 455; Hualapai, 94; Interior Department under Udall and, 228; JFK, last conservation journey and, 340; Kakagon Sloughs, 337; “Land and People” tour, 381; land stewardship and, 114; LBJ message to Congress, 507; Medicine Lodge Peace Treaty, 463; Momaday, 524; National Council of Indian Opportunity, 507; Navajo, 94, 671; Navajo Generation Station, 454; New Frontier, 340; nuclear testing and, 324; Paleo-Indians, 409; Quanah Parker, 443; radioactivity, 40–41; Red Lake Chippewa Tribe, 474; religious places, 618; river systems, 246; Sontag, 448; Standing Bear, 114; systemic environmental injustice, 229–30; Taos Pueblo Indians, 618–19; Udall, 671; uranium, 94, 230; Yurok, 378
Natural Gas Pipeline Safety Act, 478
Naturalist in Florida, A (Carr), 467
Natural Resources Defense Council, 492–93, 604, 638
Nature Conservancy, 112–13, 123–24, 236, 286, 343, 368, 393, 418, 552, 614, 649
Nature’s Ghosts (Barrow), 661
Navajo Generation Station, 454
Navajo Nation, 94, 230, 340, 443
NECC, 292
“Need for Wilderness Areas, The” (Zahniser), 109
Nehru, B. K., 235
Nehru, Jawaharlal, 145
Nelson, Gaylord, 290–92, Apostle Islands National Lakeshore, 292, 335–37; “Bill of Rights for American Rivers” speech, 534; DDT, 292; defeat of, 668; Denis Hayes, 599; “Dirty Dozen,” 616–17; Earth Day, 579–80, 604; Environmental Leadership Medal, 668; Environmental Teach-in, 597; JFK, letter to, 336–37; LBJ, Vietnam War and, 502; League of Conservation Voters, 644; media darling, 597; Minnesota Conservation and Water Pollution Control Commissions, 534; National Commission on Pesticides, 370; national environmental teach-in, 578; National Trails System Act, 536; Nixon, 564; Presidential Medal of Freedom, 604; St. Croix River, 533–34; trail system, 418; Udall, 534; Wild and Scenic River Bill, RFK, 423; Wilderness Act, 292; wild-river legislation, 414
Neuberger, Richard L., 109–11, 129, 169–70, 538
Nevadans, atmospheric tests and, 342–43
Nevada Proving Grounds, 86
Nevada Test Site, 38–39, 300, 323, 330, 339, 342–43, 670
New Conservation: achievements of, 526, 548; agenda, Theodore Roosevelt, 529; AIM, 522; Anderson, 211; Biscayne National Monument, 546; Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area, 459; Douglas, 497; Earth Day, 602; ESPA, 463; Highway Beautification Act, 433; JFK, 195; Key deer, 472; LBJ, 211, 377, 379, 392, 417, 418, 439, 560; national parks signing ceremony, 527; optics of, 560; as political issue, 394; Redwood National Park, 505, 539; Roosevelt and, 529; St. Croix, 534; Udall, 503; Vietnam, 508; Wilderness Act, 395, 416; Wilderness lobby and, 526–27
New Deal, 9, 11, 385, 420
New England Wild Flower Preservation Society, 302
New Environmentalism, 384, 561, 594
New Frontier: Cousins, 323; declaration of, 170; Douglas, 200; family and outdoors recreation and, 194; forts and, 217; Greers Ferry Dam, 348; JFK, 224, 227, 334; King, Jr., 323; Krutch, 207; LBJ and, 559; Limited Test Ban Treaty, 328; national monuments and, 217; Native Americans, 340; natural resource management and, 266; NIYC, 340; ORRRC, 224; Potomac River, 294; Reuther and, 248; SANE, 323; Sierra Club, 204; Silent Spring and, 260, 262; Sorensen, 219; Stenson, 323; “third wave” conservation, 187; War Resisters League, 323; Wilderness bill, 182, 189
“New Frontiersman,” 168
Newhall, Nancy, 130, 178–79, 336, 419
NFWA, 446–48, 478, 493–94, 513–14
Nixon, Richard M., 170–72, ABM, 633; Alaska, beauty of, 664; Alaskan pipeline, 577; Berry, 614; bison, 654; Blue Lake, 618; Buffalo National River, 636; California vote and, 632; Cambodia, 624; Camp Pendleton, 655; CBC, 622; CEQ, 608; Chesapeake & Ohio Canal National Historical Park, 601; China, 633; Clean Air Act Amendments, 619–20; Clean Water bill, 631, 644–45; Coastal Zone Management Act, 647; Colorado River dams, 321; conservation legacy of, 560; Cumberland Island National Seashore, 649–50; DDT, 557, 641; death of, 669; deer, 654; Dingell, 643; Douglas, 520; Earth Day, 600, 602–3; Earth Week 1972, 634; Ecological Society of America, 521; Ehrlichman, 518, 590; election win, 650–51; Emergency Highway Energy Conservation Act, 662; Endangered Species Act of 1969, 577; Endangered Species Act of 1973, 654–55, 660; environmental crisis atmosphere, 575; environmental lawyers, 564; environmental policy, 577–78, 593–94, 607, 630; EPA, 574, 597, 608, 630; Everglades, 594–96; Federal Energy Administration Act, 662; Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act of 1972, 647; Fossil Butte National Monument, 646; Gate National Recreation Area, 648–49; Golden Gate National Recreation Area, 648; GOO, 570; Grand Canyon, 594; Grand Teton National Park, 627–28; Great Lakes, 633; Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement, 633; Hatfield, 643; Hickel, 607; Hohokam Pima National Monument, 646; impeachment proceedings, 662–63; Keep America Beautiful, 625–26; Kent State shootings, 606; Legacy of Parks, 59, 627–284, 655; Lincoln Memorial antiwar protest, 606; Marine Mammal Protection, 520, 644; memoir of, 664; MMPA, signing of, 646; Muskie, 590, 620; Nader, 517; National Environmental Policy Act, 586–89; National Park Service, expansion of, 614; The Nature Conservancy, 614; Nibbles, 654; 1973 corporate world, 656; NOAA, 608–11; nomination of, 517; nuclear power, 571; Orange County drive, 593; pandas, 654; Project Independence, 571; Ralph, 517; Redwood National Park, 541; resignation, 663; San Clemente, 567; Sanchez, 595; Santa Barbara beach, 569–71; Saturday Night Massacre, 656; Save the Redwoods League, 520; second Earth Day, 625; second inaugural address, 654; Senate Bill 1075, sewage treatment, 437; Solid Waste Disposal Act, 593; Soviet Union, 633; Special Message to the Congress on Environmental Quality, 596; State of the Union, 593–94, 596; Taos Pueblo, 618; third environmental address to congress, 657; UN Stockholm conference, 642, 654; whales, 647; Wilderness Society, 614; Yom Kippur War, 658
NOAA, 607–11, 616–17
North Cascades National Park, 74, 192–94, 236, 250, 305, 354, 398, 404–5, 417, 452, 482, 486, 509, 516, 520, 527, 542–43, 559
Northern States Power Company, 245, 414, 473, 533
North Woods, 191, 319, 440, 460
Novaya Zemlya, 146, 301
NPS. See National Park Service
NTS. See Nevada Test Site
NTSA. See National Trails System Act
nuclear bombs, 17–19, 24, 153, 212, 330
nuclear power, 24, 142, 295–97, 285, 339–40, 356, 486, 553, 571–72
nuclear testing: “Atoms for Peace,” 68; Carson and, 118, 180, 255; Commoner and, 143; Eisenhower, 68; JFK on, 212, 323; lawmakers on, 40; LBJ and, 354; leukemia and, 85; Native Americans and, 324; Nevada, 95; New Frontier and, 260–61; Operation Crossroads, 23; Point Hope, 495; Project Chariot, 495; Radiation Exposure Compensation Act, 672; radioactive fallout and, 323; Roosevelt, 324; Schweitzer, 145–46; Truman and, 38; underground, 329–30, 342–43, 494–95, 580–81, 670; Under the Cloud: The Decades of Nuclear 301; United States, number in, 40; USSR, 212, 221; Wiesner, 231. See also AEC, Bikini Atoll, fallout, Limited Nuclear Test Ban, SANE, Women Strike for Peace
O
Oakes, John B., 83, 201, 239, 265, 349, 355, 450
Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA), 517, 620–21
ocean acidity, 643–44
Ocean Blueprint for the 21st Century, An (Bush, Ruckelshaus), 665
Odum, Eugene P., 70–72, 79, 122, 390, 554, 650
“Of Man and the Stream of Time” (Carson), 255
Of Men and Mountains (Douglas), 59, 542
“oil shock,” 658
Okefenokee Swamp, 72, 133
Olson, Sigurd, 79, 81–82, 100, 108-9, 199, 202–3, 236, 244–45, 273, 395–97, 414
Olympic National Park, 93, 193, 545
On Human Nature (Wilson), 152
Operation Crossroads, 23–25, 54
Operation Plowshare, 330
Operation Teapot, 322
Operation Upshot-Knothole, 67
Ordway, Katherine, 112–14
Oregon Dunes, 110, 129, 214, 334, 340
organic food movement, 474
Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, 547
osprey, 148, 371, 374, 472, 490, 638, 656, 660
otters, 51, 464, 468, 644, 647
Our Fourth Shore (NPS), 131, 241
Our Plundered Planet (Osborn), 59
“Our Vanishing Shoreline,” 120–21, 133, 276, 319, 338
Outdoor Recreation Act, 29, 320
Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Commission (ORRRC), 132, 183–86, 224, 237, 244–46, 274, 393, 529
Outermost House, The (Beston), 7, 9, 51, 60, 63, 73, 135, 525
Owings, Nathaniel, 190, 421
Ozark National Scenic Riverways, 199, 347, 377
Ozark Society, 246, 636–37
P
Pacific Coast Trail, 537
Pacific Crest Trail, 536, 538
Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E), 295, 571–72, 646, 656
Pacific Lumber Company, 379, 401
Padre Island, 275–81; Albright, 214; JFK, 195, 225; LBJ, 158, 354; NPS 120; “Save Our Shorelines,” 129; Udall, 192
Paley Commission, 58
Palm Beach, 10, 30, 122, 181, 283
pandas, 565, 654
panthers, 32, 442, 464, 661–62
passenger pigeon, 315, 463, 654
Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, 52, 311, 469, 473
Pauling, Linus, 84, 144, 231, 329
“Paul Revere of Ecology,” 553
PCB, 140, 158, 516, 597
pelicans, 53, 148, 277, 345, 638, 656, 660
penguins, DDT and, 369
Pesonen, David, 184, 224, 296–97
pesticides, 52–54
petroglyphs, 163, 409
Phaeophyta of the Eastern Gulf of Mexico (Earle), 373
phosphates, 139, 148, 159, 166, 244, 256, 307, 603
PIBBY, 480
“pickle liquor,” 430
Pictured Rocks National Lakeshores, 128–29, 188, 214, 236, 248, 338, 354, 459–60
Pierson, DeVier, 548, 551
Pinchot, Gifford, 116, 195, 243, 334–35
Pinchot Institute for Conservation Studies, 334
Place No One Knew, The (Brower), 341–42
plastics, 138–40, 336, 353, 580, 624
plutonium, 18, 19, 301, 339, 495
Point Reyes National Seashore, 273–74, 295, 448, 460, 551
“Pollution of the Environment, The” (Carson), 346
Population Bomb, The (Ehrlich), 523–24, 553, 600
Porter, Eliot, 265, 274, 341–42
Potomac River, 41, 74, 82, 134, 159, 164, 199, 216–21, 283, 294, 413, 422, 430, 538, 574, 576, 600, 645. See also Chesapeake & Ohio Canal National Historical Park
Powell, John Wesley, 101, 107, 184
Power Broker, The (Caro), 363
Practice of the Wild, The (Snyder), 392
prairie dog, 115, 319, 473, 660
Prairie National Park, 226–27, 317
President’s Science Advisory Committee (PSAC), 261, 310, 312–13, 375, 427, 436
“primitive areas,” 28
Prize, The (Yergin), 75
Project Chariot, 495
Project Independence, 571
Project Plowshare, 580
Project Rulison, 581
Project Vela, 329–30
Puleston, Dennis, 371, 491
Pure Food and Drug Act, 261
Pusey, Merlo, 77, 78, 80
Q
Quiet Crisis, The (Udall), 215, 217, 250, 334, 346, 353–56, 414, 416–17, 529, 545
R
Rachel Carson and Her Sisters (Musil), 152
Rachel Carson Award, 368, 670
Rachel Carson Estuarine Reserve, 440
Rachel Carson Fund, 492
Rachel Carson Homestead, 368–69
Rachel Carson Landmark Alliance, 369
Rachel Carson Memorial Wildlife Education Fund, 369
Rachel Carson National Wildlife Refuge, 368, 440
Rachel Carson Salt Pond Preserve, 368
radiation, 38–41; AEC, 330; Bikini Island, 23, 54; Carson on, 124, 256; Commoner on, 143; environmental movement and, 20–21, 445; Hattiesburg, 330; Hiroshima and, 19, 22, 23; leukemia and, 85; Marshall Islands, 24; milk and, 22; Native Americans, 94; Nevada Test Site and, 40, 141; nuclear plants, waste disposal and, 486, 571; Radiation Exposure Compensation Act, 671, 672; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute on, 141; Schweitzer on, 145–46; Soviet testing and, 221–22; Udall and victims of, 670–72; underground nuclear detonations and, 330, 495; uranium mining and, 94. See also fallout
Radio Oslo, 145–46, 185, 323
Rainbow Bridge National Monument, 487
Rare and Endangered Fish and Wildlife of the United 457, 463–64
Raritan Bay, 159, 378
Rebozo, Charles “Bebe,” 593, 596, 669
Reagan, Ronald, 504, 541, 664–65
“Red Book, the,” 464
Red River Gorge, 498–99, 540
Redwood Creek, 401–3, 504–5, 541
Redwood National Park, 379–81, 401–4, 417, 452, 503–7, 527, 538–41
Redwoods, 504
Redwoods: A National Opportunity for Conservation and Alternatives for Action, 380
Reed, Nathaniel, 595, 627
Reedy, George, 358, 385, 560
Reese, Frances, Storm King Mountain, 286, 289
Refuge Recreation Act, 248
Remaining Shoreline Opportunities in Minnesota, Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, Pennsylvania, New 128
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 141
Report on the Proposed Sand Dunes National Park, Indiana (Mather), 241
Report on the Seashore Recreation Area Survey of the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts, 119, 128, 131
Republican National Convention, conservation and, 170
Republican Party, anti-environmentalists, 668
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, NEPA, 588
Resources and Conservation Act, 111
Restoring the Quality of Our 427
Reuther, Walter, 160, 164, 166, 174, 247–48, 402, 478, 481, 578, 598, 603–4
Reynolds, Malvina, 297–99, 590
Ribicoff, Abraham, 310, 314, 352–53, 367, 370, 426
Richard M. Nixon Presidential Library and Museum, 662
“Rise of Anti-Ecology, The,” 613
Riverbend project, 199
Riverkeeper, 289
River of Grass (Douglas), 33–34, 286, 467, 483
River of No Return Wilderness, 169, 458, 535, 668
river preservation, 245
Rivers of 33, 286
Rivers of Empire: Water, Aridity, and the Growth of the American West (Worster), 454
Road and Fence, Point Reyes (Adams), 273
Road to Survival (Vogt), 59, 524
robins, 148, 256, 366, 370–71, 425
Rockefeller, Allison Whipple, 368
Rockefeller, John D., Jr., 130–31, 402
Rockefeller, Laurance, 130–33, 183, 216, 224, 236, 418, 421, 424, 504, 590, 637
Rockefeller, Nelson, Earth Day, 160, 601
Rockefeller Commission, 183, 385
Rodell, Marie, 63, 143, 151, 219, 344–46
Rogue, 245, 356, 414, 531–32, 535
Romance Under the 47
Roosevelt, Eleanor, SANE, 160, 179, 324
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 8, 9, 14, 28, 33, 99, 174, 276, 316, 470, 559
Roosevelt, Theodore, 250, 261, 269, 295, 334, 395, 544–45, 555, 559
rotenone, 240–41
Rothman, Hal K., 103, 384
Rothschild, Leo, 286
Royce, Stephen, 86–87
Ruckelshaus, William, 437–38, 564, 600, 614–16, 632, 637–41, 656, 664–65
“rucksack revolution,” 114
Rulison, 580–81
Russell Cave National Monument, 216–17
S
Safe Drinking Water Act, 588, 604
Safire, William, Nixon, 590
Sagamore Hill, 250
Saint Croix River, 245, 291, 533–34
Salem Harbor Power Plant, 90
salmon, 254, 369, 485, 532, 638
Saltonstall, Leverett A., 135–36, 201
Sanchez, Manuel, 595
Sandburg, Carl, 209, 241–43, 406, 475–76
Sand County Almanac, A (Leopold), 59, 114, 290
Sandy (sea lion), 84
Sandy Hook State Park, 378–79, 649
SANE. See National Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy (SANE)
Sangamon River Project, 499
San Luis Dam, 272
Santa Barbara, 565–75, 601
“Santa Barbara Declaration of Environmental Rights,” 570–71
Santa Fe National Historic Trail, 538
Saratoga National Historical Park, 476
Saturday Night Massacre, 656
Savannah River Ecology Laboratory (SREL), 72
Save Grand Canyon, 451
Save Our Seashores (SOS), 133
“Save Our Shoreline,” 129
Save-the-Dunes, 241, 243, 475
Save the Grand Canyon, 450–56
“Save the Manatee,” 472
Save the Redwoods League, 275, 380, 402–3, 504–5, 520, 539
Saylor, John P., 83, 107–8, 132, 192, 211, 237, 391, 415–16, 470, 482, 506, 535, 601
Scenic Hudson, 285–87, 289, 320, 516, 656
Schwartz, Richard, 75–76
Schweitzer, Albert, 48–50, 144–46, 233, 302, 324, 430
Schweitzer Medal, Rachel Carson, 301
Commoner, 143
Science and Survival (Commoner), 554
Science Information Movement, 143
Second International Clean Air Congress, 615
Scott, Doug, 108, 390
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 54, 231
Sea Around Us, The (Carson), 60–62, 180, 254–55, 367, 373
sea level, 427
sea lion, 84
Sea Lion Caves 110
seals, 63, 115, 140, 274, 643–44, 647, 649
sea turtles, 133, 277–78, 466–68, 650
“Second Battle of New Orleans,” 364
Secrets of Padre Island (Smylie), 277
Seeger, Pete, 287, 297, 299, 431, 590, 600, 671
Selway, 169, 245, 392, 531, 560
Senate resolution 148, 327
Senate Select Committee on National Water Resources, river preservation, 245
Senate Subcommittee on Air and Water Pollution, 359, 619
Senators, environment ratings of, 644
Sense of Wonder (Carson), 368
sequoias, 96, 283, 379–80, 398, 539
Seuss, The 576
Sevareid, Eric, 19, 307–10, 553
Seven Story Mountain, The (Merton), 303
sewage treatment, 159, 248, 407, 437–38, 480, 601, 616, 640, 664
Shawn, William, 219, 255
Shining Rock, 392, 397
Show Barn Complex, 564
Sierra Club: Adams, 178, 270; Bodega Head, 296; Brooks, board of, 265; Brower, 96, 265, 581; Buffalo River, 246; Colorado River dams, 321; Cumberland Island National Seashore, 649–50; Dinosaur National Monument, 101, 423; Douglas, 265; 600; EIS, 608; expansion of, 102–3; Golden Gate NRA, 648; Hyde, 398; influence, surge in, 520; Bobby Kennedy, 357; JFK, last conservation journey, 343; LBJ, Vietnam policies of, 520; Litton, 265; National Environmental Policy bill, 484; New Frontier, 204; North Cascades National Park, 542; Oakes, board of, 265; Point Reyes Peninsula, 273; Porter, 265; Red River Gorge, 498; redwoods, 380, 401–2, 504; rise of, 207–8; Rockefeller, Jr., 131; Ruckelshaus, 620; Save the Grand Canyon, 450–56; 7th Wilderness Conference, 204–7; shorelines, 133; Silent 259; Special Message to the Congress on 225; SST, 497; Stegner, 265; Storm King Mountain, 286; tax status, 452; This Is the American 178–79; Time and the River Flower: Grand 452; Train, EIS and, 608; Udall, dams, 449; Walt Disney Productions, 582; wilderness laws, 393
Sierra Club Legal Defense Fund, 493
Sierra Club v. 582
Sierra Whitewater (Martin), 531
Silent Spring (Carson): ad hominem attacks and, 264; American Cyanamid Company, 263; attacks, preparation for, 252; biologists, help from, 152; Birmingham 322; Bridger National Forest, 223; Brooks on, 256; Brower, 265; Caro, 259; Chavez, 447; Church, 370; criticism of, 313–14, 375; DDT, 255, 370; Douglas, 180, 223; 263–64; Eiseley, 264–65; environmental movement, effect on, 370; finishing of, 218–19; Freeman, 252–53, 259; George, 180; Gore, Jr., 374–75; Hickey, 180; Interior Department, Kennedy and, 262; JFK, 260; Larrick, 310; last chapter, 367–68; legacy of, 372; McLean, 263; Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming (Oreskes, Conway), 375; Merton, 303; Mississippi fish kill, 353; modern environmental movement and, 222; Montrose Chemical, 263; mosquitoes, 258; My Wilderness: East to 222; Nabokov, 255; National Audubon Society, 259; National Wildlife Federation, 259; New York 264; New York 258, 265; New serialization of, 255; opening chapter of, 256; “The Other Road,” 367–68; Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, 311; pelicans, 345; primary aims of, 254; publication of, 252–60; Rudd, 180; Safina, 374; Saturday 264–65; Schweitzer, 301; scientific review of, 151; second chapter of, 256; Shawn on, 255; Sierra Club, 259; Sowell, 375; Tierney, 375; 258; “Use of Pesticides: A Report of the President’s Science Advisory Committee,” 375; Velsicol, 257–59, 263; Wallace, 180; writing of, 167, 179
Silent Spring of Rachel Carson, 307–10
Silent World, The (Cousteau), 68–69
“Silverledges,” 73, 257
Singing Wilderness, The (Olson), 81, 82, 108, 202
Sleeping Bear Dunes, 128–29, 225, 236, 248
Smathers, George, 177, 278, 279
Smith, Jean Kennedy, 6, 10, 42, 69, 120
smog, 86–90
Smokey Bear, 471
Smolker, Robert, 489, 491
Snake River, 158, 381, 485, 535
Snyder, Gary, 114, 392
sodium fluoroacetate, 319, 470
So Human an Animal (Dubos), 580
Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act, 279
Solid Waste Disposal Act, 593
Solvay Process, 158
sonic boom, 495–97
Sonoran Desert National Park, 547
Sontag, Susan, 448–49
Sorensen, Theodore, 66–67, 122, 177, 189, 219, 231, 326, 338
Souder, William, 51, 56, 256, 368
Southern Christian Leadership Conference, 327, 510
Southwest Expressway, 364
Special Message (Johnson, February 23, 1966), “America’s natural heritage” speech, 416–18, 435–38
Special Message to the Congress on Conservation (Johnson, March 8, 1968), 504, 507–8
Special Message to the Congress on Conservation (Kennedy, March 1), 1962, 225, 227, 253, 279–80
Special Message to the Congress on Environmental Quality (Nixon, February 10, 1970), 596
Special Message to the Congress on Natural Resources (Kennedy, February 23), 1961, 195
Split Mountain Dam, 99–102
Spock, Marjorie, 147, 149, 151, 259, 299, 313, 372, 590
Sports 287–90, 421, 571
Stalking the Wild Asparagus (Gibbons), 474
Stamp Out Smog, 117
Standard Oil, 132, 573, 601
Standing Bear, 114, 524
Stans, Maurice, 591, 607, 657
Stanton, Robert G., 227–29, 229
State Implementation Plans, 620
Staten Island Anti-Garbage Organization, 58
Staten Island Citizens for Clean Air, 58
St. Simons Island, 122
Stegner, Wallace, 95, 101, 184–86, 215, 265, 294, 296, 362, 590
Steinbeck, John, 174, 416, 436
Stevenson, Adlai, 126, 158, 160, 323
St. Francis National Forest, 637
“Stink of Dead Stripers, A,” (Boyle), 289
St. John Rivers, 440
Stockholm Declaration, 641
Stokes, Carl, 573, 575, 590
Stoneman Meadow Riots, 612–13
“Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening” (Frost), 348
“strenuous life” philosophy, 555
Storm King Mountain, 285–90, 423, 431, 487
Stringfellow Acid Pits, 494
strontium-89, 300
strontium-90, 141, 143–44, 153, 222, 284, 300, 339
strychnine, 470
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), 520–21
Styles of Radical Will (Sontag), 448
Subcommittee on Air and Water Pollution, 305–6, 359, 619
suburbia, 117, 471
Suffolk County Mosquito Control Commission, 372
Suffolk trial, 489
“Summer Birds of the Adirondacks in Franklin County, N.Y., The” (Roosevelt), 559
Superfund hazardous waste site, 494
Superior National Forest, 79, 202–3, 396
supersonic transport (SST), 497–98, 577, 585, 601,
“Survival” (Hersey), 30
Swamp, The (Grunwald), 27
Sweden, DDT, 641
Synecology, 70
“systems ecology,” 70
T
“Take It Away” (Reynolds), 297–98
Talbot, Lee, 647, 655
Taos Pueblo Indians, 618–19
Tarka the Otter (Williamson), 51
Teapot MET, 322
Teflon, 139
Tektite project, 610
Teller, Edward, 18, 143, 330
232
Temporary Commission on Pennsylvania Avenue, 421
Temporary Emergency Relief Administration (TERA), 8–9
Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway, 637–38
Tennessee Valley Authority, 174
Terrible Thing to Waste, A (Washington), 479
Terry, Luther, 293, 309, 310–11
Test Ban Treaty. See Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
Tet Offensive, 502
Texas Congressional 276
Texas Southern University, 480–81
thalidomide, 254, 259, 264
thallium, 470
Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace, 250
This Is Dinosaur: Echo Park Country and Its Magic Rivers (Stegner), 101–2
This Is the American Earth (Adams, Newhall), 178, 204, 208, 274
Thoreau, Henry David, 5–8, 52, 136, 205, 207, 213, 234–35, 288, 367, 395, 533
Thoreau Society, 105
“Tide Rises, The Tide Falls, The” (Longfellow), 5
timber wolf, 464, 472
Time and the River Flowing: Grand 452
Time magazine, 231, 264, 574
Tor House, 346
To the Inland Empire (Udall), 162, 672
“township parks,” 207
Toxic Substances Control Act, 588
Trail of Tears Trail, 538
Trails for America: Report on the Nationwide Trail 418, 536
Train, Russell, 555–56, 519, 564–65, 577, 586, 595, 597, 608, 627, 632, 654–59, 664
Trans-Alaska Pipeline System, 588, 617, 658
trash incinerators, 360–61
“tree huggers,” 312, 656
Trinity Dam, 378
Trinity test, 18–19, 23, 339, 378
“Trouble with Wilderness, The” (Cronon), 399
True-Life 115
Truman, Harry S., 18, 23–24, 27, 34, 38, 40, 126–27
Tuan, Yi-Fu, 14
Tule Lake, 274, 288
tuna industry, 643
turtles, 125, 133, 277–79, 466–68, 561, 646, 650, 660
2,4-D, 53, 465, 520
2,4,5-T, 465
Two in the Far North (Murie), 355
2,3,5-T, 520
Two 100
U
UAW. See United Auto Workers (UAW)
Udall, Lee, 164, 181, 199, 215, 412, 429, 488
Udall, Levi Stewart, 161
Udall, Morris, 163, 198, 429, 453, 488, 506, 547
Udall, Stewart, 161–65; Adams on, 355; Agenda for 549; Allagash, 200; America’s Natural Treasures: National Nature Monuments and 672; Anderson, 210; Antiquities Act and, 545–51, 547; articles, 191; Assateague, 316–18; backers, 188; Baker, 201; Big Bend National Park, 441; Bodega Head, 295; bomb tests, crusader against, 670–71; Brandborg, 355; Brower, 355; Cadillac 230; Canyonlands, 197, 211, 408–10; Cape Cod, 201; Carson, 367, 599; Central Arizona Project, 245, 450; civil rights, 227; Colorado River dams, 321; DDT, editorial on, 639; Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW), 358; Department of the Interior headquarters, 672; Desert News interview, 209; Douglas, 200; Earth Day, 599; endangered species, 463; environmentalists and, 528; ESPA, 473; Fire Island, 318; Ford’s Theatre, 501; Fort Davis, 217; Fort Smith, 217; Francis, 192; Freeman, 188–89; Frost visit, 215, 303; Galbraith, 160; Gilliam, 215; Glen Canyon Dam, apology for, 599; global warming, 583; Grand Canyon National Park conference, 196–97; Grand Canyon rafting trip, 488; Great Smoky Mountains National Park, 191; Hartzog, 362; HBCs, 227; high-poverty pockets, 229; Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, 410–11, 475; Island in Time: The Point Reyes 274; Jacqueline Kennedy, 187; JFK, 210, 267, 333–34, 348; Josephy, Jr., 215; Bobby Kennedy, earth feeling of, 267; “Know America First,” 361; Krutch, 206; Lady Bird Johnson, 187, 381, 441; “Land and People” tour, 381; LBJ, 357–58, 361, 509, 557–58; legacy of, 552–55, 670, 672–73; “Leopold Report,” 319; Maine North Woods, 440; Matthiessen, 215; media and, 553; Mission 66, 191; Murie, 355; Muskie, 200; Myths of August: A Personal Exploration of Our Tragic Cold War Affair with the 672; national monument wish list, 558–59; National Park Service, Black employees, 227; “National Parks for the Future,” 191; national parks signing ceremony, 527; Native American sovereignty, 187; Nelson, Wolf River raft trip, 534; 1965 conservation agenda, 412; 1976: Agenda for 583; NPS, 191, 552; nuclear power, 340, 553; Oakes, 201, 355; office of, 191; Old Angler’s Inn, 199; Olson, 203-4; Olympia Reges, 199; Ozark National Scenic Riverways, 199, 377; Pacific Southwest Water Plan, 321; Padre Island, 278; Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, 311; personal injury lawyer, 670–71; pesticides, federal land and, 375; pollution, 554; Potomac, 164; Prairie National Park, 226; The Quiet 215, 217, 250, 334; RECA, 671–72; Redskins, 227; Redwood National Park, 379–80; Reisner criticism of, 230; Revelle, 231; RFK, 513, 515–16; Russell Cave, 216–17; Saguaro National Monument, 217; Sandburg, 475–76; Save the Grand Canyon, 452–53; secretary of interior, 182, 187, 191–92; Seguoia 380; Silent 262, 372; Sonoran Desert National Park, 547; “spite cutting,” 403; St. Croix River, 245, 533; Stegner, staff, 215; Thoreau anniversary party, 234–35; To the Inland Empire: Coronado and Our Spanish 162, 672; Train, 557; Utah, 409; Velsicol, 352–53; vice presidential candidacy, possibility of, 503; Vietnam War, views on, 428; Western man, 187; White House Conference on Conservation, 235–36; Wilderness bill, 209; Wilderness Society, 355; WSR, 533; Yosemite, 269–72, 271
Udall v. Federal Power 485
“Ugly American,” 376
UN, Stockholm Declaration, 641
Uncommon Ground (Cronon), 399
“Undersea” (Carson), 47
Undersea World of Jacques Cousteau, 643
Under the 301
Under the Sea-Wind (Carson), 50–52, 59, 61, 73, 118, 367
Unforeseen Wilderness, The (Berry), 499
Union Carbide, 53, 352
Union Oil Company, leak, 565–66, 568
United Auto Workers (UAW), 164, 247, 478, 481, 578, 598. See also Reuther, Walter
United Farm Workers of America, 446
United Nations, Stockholm conference, DDT, 641
United Nations Disarmament Commission, 212
United Nuclear Corporation, 230
United States Technical Conference on Air Pollution, 37
Unsafe at Any Speed: The Designed-In Dangers of the American Automobile (Nader), 425–27
“untrammeled,” 116, 193, 251, 390, 399, 475
uranium, 18–19, 31, 40, 68, 93–95, 197, 211, 230, 295, 340, 409–10, 523, 670–73
Urquhart, Clara, 144–45
Use of 312–13, 375
US Fish and Wildlife Service, 52, 150, 470, 595
US Forest Service, 110, 536
US Public Health Service, 292, 358
USSR, atmospheric nuclear testing, 212
V
Van Ness, William, Jr., 482–84, 585–86, 615
Vatican, 324–25
Velsicol, 257–59, 263, 352
6, 69
Vietnam War: alternative fuels and, 583; Brower, 624; Church-Cooper Amendment of 1970, 602; climate change warning, 428; defoliants and, 465, 642; Douglas and, 485, 486, 499–500; environment and, 445; environmental movement and, 561, 583, 600, 661; Coretta Scott King, 511; LBJ, 361, 429, 438, 440, 508, 509; napalm and, 455; Nixon and, 600, 606, 607, 633, 651, 657; Sierra Club 520; Sontag, 448; Tet Offensive, 502
Vieux Carré Riverfront Expressway, 364
Virginian, The (Wister), 385
Visalia hearing, 446
Vogt, William, 59, 524
Voice of the Desert, The (Krutch), 206
Voting Rights Act, 376, 460
voyageurs, 79, 82, 202–3, 236, 396
Voyageurs National Park, 236, 557, 607
W
Walden; or, Life in the Woods (Thoreau), 5, 59, 60, 152, 235, 288
Walden Pond, 5, 71, 115, 182, 235, 304
“Walking” (Thoreau), 5, 205
Wallace, George (governor), 521, 637
Wallace, George J. (scientist), 148, 180
Walt Disney Productions, 582
War on Poverty, 363, 376
Warren, Earl, 235, 361, 527
War Resisters League, 152, 323
Washington (Briggs), 77
Washington Environmental Council, 578
Water (Solomon), 107
water contamination, 41, 94, 407, 420
Water for Peace, 456
Waterkeeper Alliance, 314
Water Pollution Control Act, 41, 230, 370, 436, 588, 645–46
Water Pollution Control Federation, 248
Water Quality Act, 424, 579
Water Quality Improvement Act, 280
Water Wasteland (Zwick, Benstock), 353, 577
Wayburn, Edgar, 30, 202, 204, 273–75, 613, 648
Weather Bureau, 425, 585, 609
Weinberg, Edward, 568–69
Welch Bluff (Benton), 246
“well stimulation,” 28
Western Cattlemen’s Association, 95
West-Running Brook (Frost), 8, 182, 366
whales, 63, 115, 140, 232–33, 464, 578–79, 641, 643, 647, 650, 654
“Where Have All the Flowers Gone?” (Seeger), 287, 600
Whitaker, John, 564, 566, 590, 600, 630, 632, 641, 657
White, E. B., 22, 88
White, Robert, 584, 585
White House Conference on Conservation, 235–39, 248, 252
White House Conference on Natural Beauty, 418, 461–63
White Sands, 17, 545
White-Stevens, Robert, 307–10
Whitman, Walt, 436, 523
Whittaker, James, 419–20
Whittaker, Jim, 487
Whittell Forest and Wildlife Area, 465–66
Whole Earth 525
Wholesome Meat Act, 478
Whooping Crane, The (McNulty), 660
Wiesner, Jerome, 218, 240, 261, 231–32, 307
Wild and Scenic Rivers Act, 245, 399, 415, 423, 487, 526, 529–35, 561. See also National Wild and Scenic Rivers system
Wild Bill (Murphy), 12
Wild Cascades, The (Douglas), 405
Wilderness Act, 391, 392–95; Aspinall, 238; Church, 169; Freeman, 188; Gilligan, 184; House Interior Committee, 211; JFK and, 347–48; language of, 238; LBJ, 357, 385; ORRRC, 184; passing of, 388; press and, 239; Senate passage of, 211; signing of, 390; Stegner, 184; Udall and LBJ, 357; White House Conference on Conservation, 237; wording of, 390; Zahniser-Aspinal compromises, 387–88
“Wilderness and Preservation,” 385
Wilderness and the American Mind (Nash), 394
Wilderness Bill of Rights, A (Douglas), 405, 406
Wilderness classification, 387, 391
Wilderness Conference, 105, 107, 204–7
Wilderness in the American Mind (Nash), 571
“Wilderness Letter” (Stegner), 184, 208, 296, 336
Wilderness Society, 29, 100, 204, 225, 234–35, 257, 355, 387, 393, 415
Wilderness Watch, 393
wildlife, suburbia, 471
Wildlife Management Institute, 100, 378
“Wildlife Management in the National Parks,” 319
William O. Douglas Wilderness, 667
Williamson, Henry, Tarka the 51
Willie the Operatic 115
Wilson, Bates, 197, 409
Wilson, Dagmar, 283–84, 330, 357, 377, 514
Wilson, E. O., 152, 233, 466
Wind in the Wilderness, 394
Windshield Wilderness (Louter), 542
Windward Road, The (Carr), 133
Wirth, Conrad, 115, 127, 200, 203, 362, 393, 405
With Heritage So 461–63
Witness to Power (Ehrlichman), 663
Witness Tree, A (Frost), 303
Wolf Trap National Park, 461
Woman’s JFK, 328
Women from Central Florida, 306
Women Strike for Peace (WSP), 283–84, 328, 330
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 43–44, 47, 50, 122, 223, 232, 279
Woodwell, George, 489, 491
World Book Encyclopedia 265
World Wildlife Fund (WWF), 464, 519, 555, 557, 640, 655, 664
Wurster, Charlie, 370–72, 488–94, 590
Y
Yannacone, Carol, 372, 489–90
Yannacone, Victor, Jr., 372, 488–91, 493, 590
Yaphank Lake, 372, 488
Yarborough, Ralph, 276–80, 463, 512
Year of Decision: 1866, The (DeVoto), 95
Year of the Environment, 594
Yellowstone National Park, 32, 392, 404, 465, 594, 636
Yorktown Power Station, 90–91
Yosemite National Park, 96–98, 100, 130, 178, 207, 267–72, 419, 425, 612–13
Young, Andrew, 377, 510
Youth Conservation Corps, 158, 269, 338, 358
Yucca Flat, 67
Yurok, 378
Z
Zahniser, Alice, 391
Zahniser, Howard, 100, 103–11, 116–18, 186, 212, 235–36, 387–88
Zero Hour in the 504
Zwick, David, 353, 577
